氫氧化鈉，別名苛性鈉、燒堿、火堿，是一種無(wú)機(jī)化合物，化學(xué)式NaOH，氫氧化鈉具有強(qiáng)堿性，腐蝕性極強(qiáng)。氫氧化鉀，是一種無(wú)機(jī)化合物，化學(xué)式為KOH，是常見(jiàn)的無(wú)機(jī)堿，具有強(qiáng)堿性。
Sodium hydroxide, also known as caustic soda, caustic soda and caustic soda, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula of NaOH. Sodium hydroxide is highly alkaline and corrosive. Potassium hydroxide, an inorganic compound with chemical formula KOH, is a common inorganic base with strong alkalinity.
一、兩者理化性質(zhì)區(qū)別
1、 The physical and chemical properties of the two are different
1、氫氧化鉀白色斜方結(jié)晶，工業(yè)品為白色或淡灰色塊狀及棒狀。相對(duì)密度2.044(20℃)。熔點(diǎn)360.4℃。沸點(diǎn)1320～1324℃。易溶于水，溶解時(shí)放出大量溶解熱，有極強(qiáng)的吸水性，在空氣中能吸收水分而溶解，并吸收二氧化碳逐漸變成碳酸鉀。溶于乙醇，微溶于醚。有極強(qiáng)的堿性和腐蝕性，其性質(zhì)與燒堿相似。
1. Potassium hydroxide white rhombic crystal, industrial products are white or light gray block and rod. Relative density 2.044 (20 ℃). The melting point is 360.4 ℃. The boiling point is 1320~1324 ℃. It is easy to dissolve in water, emits a large amount of heat of dissolution when dissolved, and has strong water absorption. It can absorb water and dissolve in the air, and absorb carbon dioxide and gradually become potassium carbonate. Soluble in ethanol, slightly soluble in ether. It is extremely alkaline and corrosive, and its properties are similar to that of caustic soda.
2、氫氧化鈉為無(wú)色透明晶體，相對(duì)密度2.130。熔點(diǎn)318.4℃。沸點(diǎn)1390℃。氫氧化鈉有固體和液體兩種，純固體狀態(tài)時(shí)外觀呈白色（有塊裝、片狀、棒狀、粒狀）質(zhì)脆；純液體狀態(tài)時(shí)外觀為無(wú)色透明液體。氫氧化鈉溶于水中會(huì)完全分解成鈉離子與氫氧根離子，所以具有強(qiáng)堿性。在空氣中容易變質(zhì)成碳酸鈉；與鋁反應(yīng)可以生成氫氣。1986年，英國(guó)有一油罐車(chē)誤裝載重量百分率濃度為25%的氫氧化鈉水溶液，氫氧化鈉便與油罐壁的鋁產(chǎn)生化學(xué)變化，導(dǎo)致油罐因內(nèi)部壓力過(guò)載而受損。
2. Sodium hydroxide is a colorless transparent crystal with a relative density of 2.130. Melting point 318.4 ℃. The boiling point is 1390 ℃. There are two kinds of sodium hydroxide: solid and liquid. In pure solid state, the appearance of sodium hydroxide is white (block, sheet, rod and granular) and brittle; In pure liquid state, the appearance is colorless and transparent. Sodium hydroxide dissolved in water will completely decompose into sodium ions and hydroxide ions, so it has strong alkalinity. It is easy to deteriorate into sodium carbonate in the air; Reaction with aluminum can generate hydrogen. In 1986, a tank car in the United Kingdom mistakenly loaded sodium hydroxide aqueous solution with a weight percentage of 25%. The sodium hydroxide changed with the aluminum on the tank wall, causing the tank to be permanently damaged due to internal pressure overload.
氫氧化鈉、氫氧化鉀
Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide
二、化學(xué)分析中氫氧化鉀和氫氧化鈉可以互換使用。但有些應(yīng)用場(chǎng)合，兩者不能換用。比如氫氣發(fā)生器，指定用氫氧化鉀；醫(yī)用鈉石灰，指定用氫氧化鈉。氫氧化鈉的吸濕性要比氫氧化鉀強(qiáng)，所以在化學(xué)分析中常用氫氧化鉀；如果用作干燥劑就要使用氫氧化鈉。
2、 Potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide can be used interchangeably in chemical analysis. However, in some applications, the two cannot be used interchangeably. For example, hydrogen generator, potassium hydroxide is specified; For medical sodium lime, sodium hydroxide is specified. Sodium hydroxide is more hygroscopic than potassium hydroxide, so potassium hydroxide is often used in chemical analysis; If used as a desiccant, sodium hydroxide should be used.
三、兩者都有強(qiáng)腐蝕性，不可與金屬容器接觸，且易潮解，應(yīng)密封保存。
3、 Both are highly corrosive, cannot be contacted with metal containers, and are easy to deliquescence, and should be sealed for storage.
四、皂化反應(yīng)中，氧化鉀制得是弱肥皂，而氫氧化鈉制得的是硬肥皂。
4、 In the saponification reaction, potassium oxide produces weak soap, while sodium hydroxide produces hard soap.
五、氫氧化鉀的行情比氫氧化鈉高很多。
5、 The market price of potassium hydroxide is much higher than that of sodium hydroxide.
六、兩者應(yīng)用區(qū)別：
6、 Application difference between the two:
1、氫氧化鉀用作分析試劑、皂化試劑、干燥劑及水分的吸收劑；用于制草酸及各種鉀鹽；電鍍、雕刻、石印術(shù)等；還用于印染、漂白和絲光，并大量用作制造人造纖維、聚酯纖維的主要原料，也用于制造三聚氰胺染料。
1. Potassium hydroxide is used as analytical reagent, saponification reagent, desiccant and water absorbent; Used for preparing oxalic acid and various potassium salts; Electroplating, carving, lithography, etc; It is also used for printing and dyeing, bleaching and mercerizing, and is widely used as the main raw material for the manufacture of man-made fibers and polyester fibers, as well as for the manufacture of melamine dyes.
2、氫氧化鈉用于紙、肥皂、染料、人造絲、冶煉金屬、石油精制、棉織品整理、煤焦油產(chǎn)物提純以及食品加工、木材加工及機(jī)械工業(yè)等方面。
2. Sodium hydroxide is used in the production of paper, soap, dyes, rayon, smelting metal, petroleum refining, cotton fabric finishing, coal tar product purification, food processing, wood processing and machinery industry.
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